Persuassive speech School Uniforms Essay

Should school uniforms be required in public schools? It will increase education, and decrease on violence and the cost will be lowered. This is a question that has created debates in several different schools. Some say that school uniforms represent discipline and obedience while others say not wearing uniforms takes away from the children’s creativity and individuality. Not only does wearing uniforms teach obedience and discipline it also helps students to focus and have better grades and it cuts cost on parents. Will wearing uniforms improve education in schools? Yes wearing uniforms does improve on education. By having students wear uniforms they are more focused on their studies than what someone else has on. It has caused a less distraction because when you have students that are wearing all the new name brand clothing students are found in the classroom admiring the other peers clothes and shoes instead of focusing in the class room. So by wearing the uniforms they all have on the same thing and allow the students to focus and pay more attention in class which helps these students get better grades. When it comes to education, clothes are not quite important. According to (Thomas, S) â€Å"studies show wearing uniforms help the educational environment. It only shows unity within the student-body but as well helps students concentrate in class.† Do uniforms cut down on conflict in schools? I believe uniforms do cut down on conflict in schools. It cuts down on the competition with others in schools. Less fighting and more discipline. For instance High school and middle school students have it the worse it could be stressful trying to get all the credits you need to graduate. This is the age were they experience name brand clothing, shoes, also were the most bulling and violence comes in from gang’s and other different things. Being bullied by your appearance can be a bit overbearing. During my research I found that in the late 90’s(Pickles, L, P.) the focus of uniforms was called to action for intercity schools were violence was happing in for several differen t reasons from theft to gangs and cliques. I remember when I was in middle school and high school before uniforms were implemented there was a big issue with gangs if you wore the wrong color  (red or Blue) you were approached by these members. So going to uniforms were they all having the same color top and bottoms solved a lot of that violence. Then there comes the bulling and teasing of other students who are less fortunate than others. Students can be mean and messes with another student’s self-confidence because they are in a household were they have to wear hand me downs or parents can’t afford the latest brands of clothing. So by wearing uniform everyone looks alike and there is no reason for the bullying. Do uniforms cut down cost? Uniforms indeed cut down cost for families. Instead of parents having to go out and buy $50.00 pair of jeans and yes that is for one pair. Most stores have bundle sales on school uniforms. What you paid for one pair of jeans can buy you 2 uniform bottoms and 2 uniform tops a nd some places 3 or 4. Only expensive thing you worry about is shoes. Uniforms are much less expensive than traditional clothing worn by teens. Some schools provide programs where kids can receive the uniforms at little or no cost. I remember my daughter went on a filed a trip when she got home from the field trip she had a be brown paper bag in the bag was 2 uniform pants 2 shirts, a sweater, socks, a pack of underwear and many more things that were given to her in this program that was offered in her school. So there is help to get uniforms at little to no cost were you can’t get that help with regular clothing for school. By allowing school uniforms in the school, education will improve student’s success. It will enforce discipline towards learning. There will be less violence, Peer Pressure will reduce because there will be less distraction on what everyone else has on. However some people feel that wearing the uniforms takes away from a student’s individuality students are still encouraged to be creative. Students tend to alter their uniform with jewelry. But we have to remember the most important thing school is a place for our children to learn not to flaunt wealth and fashion. We have to decide as a society if individual expression is more important than an improved violent free educational performance. I’m like most parents uniforms can be worn during school and they can express there individuality outside the class room when it comes to dressing. References 1. Uniforms in the Schools: Proponents Say It Cuts Competition; Others Thomas, S. (1994, October 20). Uniforms in the Schools: Proponents Say It Cuts Competition; Others. Black Issues In Higher Education, PG, Retrieved from http://elibrary.bigchalk.com.prx-anthem.lirn.net 2. Mandating school uniforms at all grades Pickles, L, P. (2000, December 01). Mandating school uniforms at all grades. School Administrator, (11), 51, Retrieved from http://elibrary.bigchalk.com.prx-anthem.lirn.net

Education: Your First Ticket to a Journey Called Life Essay

Every schools, universities, or institutions have their own mission for their students to hone their skills but all of them has one goal, it is to produce intelligent and productive graduates, for them to produce educated men. But what is an educated man? For me, an educated man is someone who studied very well who always work hard and doing efforts in school and most especially who finished his studies with excellence. Mr. Jovito Salonga did a really good job on giving different citations that will justify what an educated man really is. I got his point that an educated man do not refer to those people who is really fond of reading, the problem to us Filipinos, we all have the ability to read but we don’t know what reading materials are worth reading for, that is why we often have low quality of education here in the Philippines.. And with my observation to my fellow Filipinos especially to the young ones, they are fond of reading showbiz magazines, comics and other non-essential reading materials and if you let them read a story or novel, they can read but the don’t know how to comprehend. And I also agreed on his comparison between Philippines and Japan. Philippines is a rich country in terms of natural resources that we Filipinos are our source of food and often in our livelihood. But still, our country don’t have sufficient skills to make our country great that is why we are one of the third world countries while Japan is a poor country in terms of natural resources and even tested by calamities like the deadly tsunami in 2011 and killed many lives but we can see now that Japan stood up and recovered simple because it has people of abundant skills. Education is a man’s stepping stone to a better and brighter life. It’s a way of improving and enhancing their skills and education is the first and important ticket to a long journey called life. Mr. Jovito Salonga’s â€Å"An Educated Man† is one of the best and inspirational speech a student can ever hear or read. He gave a great emphasis on what an educated man really is. Many factors are considered to say that a person is an educated man but Mr. Salonga broke the unusual outlook in an educated man. When I read the title â€Å" An Educated Man†, I have this own perspective on what was the content of the speech. I expected it to be inspirational and it is really inspirational but my mistake is, I thought an educated man will just depend on how much he reads often and how many books he already read and how many facts and information are piled up on his mind but through the speech, I had y his clear understanding about a real educated man. As I read it, I was so inspired and in the back of my mind , I had this big determination to push through and do my best in my studies. I realized it is not really about how many medals and awards you had but it is about how you live your life and at the same time apply the learnings you had when you were still studying. Like what other people say, at the end of your life of being a student, you can’t always use your medals and awards in this complicated life, it is not always how you did good in school but it is sometimes how you go through and how you excel outside the four-cornered room and how you face the realities of life. In Mr. Salonga’s speech, he wasn’t intended to say or mean that a student’s hardwork of memorizing a lot and reading hundred of books are a waste of time but he was just trying to imply that far more important than the making of a living, is a living of life. In connection to Mr. Salonga’s An Educated Man, I am a future educator, a future provider of wisdom and knowledge to my students. Aside from sustaining and providing my students an enough knowledge, I also want to share my thoughts and experiences through teaching. I want to touch lives and I guess it is good and overwhelming to see little children grow up and transform from being childish and immature to a man that should be. I want to inspire students not just by showing them how good I am academically but how I grew up as a teacher. Because for me, teaching is not just a profession, it’s a life. Educators are the light of every student’s path, they just not simply stood up in front of the class and teach, they also guide the students because it will reflect to the student if you are really a good teacher. Students should not just acquire knowledge but apply every lesson they got to their teacher because it is the partnership of a teacher and a student that produce an educated man plus factor is the experience. An educated man is not just an great and intelligent but a man with courage and passion and a man who has a positive outlook in life and a man that still looks up above and thank Him even hoe successful he is now. Like Mr. Salonga said, an educated man should be living a good, meaningful and abundant life. In conclusion, it is better to have two good qualities to show what an educated man is. For me, they should have great mind and at the same time the courage and hardwork to accomplish every task life has to give. Education has a really great impact on a person’s future and it is really a great factor on honing a person’s brighter and successful life. Education is just a start of your journey in this cruel and silly. After graduation and outside the four-cornered room will be the realities and it is in your own hands how you will excel in life because in life it is not anymore getting high grades and awards, it is now how you face every challenge and survive.

Object biography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Object biography - Essay Example Egypt is regarded as the origin of civilization. The pyramids are some of the structures in the Egyptian that combines the aspects of science, mathematics and technology in an era that human development was still remote. The construction of Egyptian pyramids started ii 2440BC and took the country 23 years to complete (Morris, 97). The Hebrew slaves who had been exiled into Egypt during the reigns of Pharaohs did most of the work. The largest of these pyramids, the great pyramid contains more than 2 million limestone blocks put together to form an iconic structure. The pyramid rises from a rectangular base, and the size of nearly eight football fields and slopes at an uniform angle of 51degrees to meet at a peak more than 4500 feet above the base. The technology that assisted this construction remains a great mystery. The calculations and the exact ability to construct a structure that is more than 6 tons heavy that still stand the firm and a strong close to five millennia later is hi storic (Allen, 313). The precursors of the pyramids are believed to be the mastabas, flat-roofed structures carved from rock that were used as royal tombs. These tombs were developed to keep the embalmed bodies of kings and rulers of the empire (Allen, 313). With time, the mastabas were improved through the use of mud bricks and raised to become shrines for the communities. What followed was the replacement of the mud bricks with curved limestone layers, and a height of 204 feet was first achieved. The original idea and calculations, which are believed to have originated from architect Imhotep, a priest and healer (Watson, 245). The pyramids were, therefore, built as tombs for the kings and the pharaohs, and the size of each of these structures was, therefore, related to the significance that the people put on the specific leaders and rulers. It is said that each pyramid was started when the king was chosen and continued to be built for

Widgets and Gadgets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Widgets and Gadgets - Essay Example Licensing and registration, shareholder agreement, privacy policies, and confidentiality agreement are the specific areas of high importance when incorporating an IT based company. The business of widgets and gadgets in the form of company requires certain general legislations as well as industry specific rules and regulations. In the beginning, the major legal points related to incorporation of a business of widgets and gadgets are discussed and then followed by industry specific legislations. In United States, the formation and incorporation of a company is held under the law of local state. Mostly companies get themselves incorporated under the law of Delaware (Division of Corporations, 2011). The core reasons behind the selection of Delaware state law are very well nationally recognized statute available for corporations, well developed and organized case laws facilities and the presence of more than 50% of US corporations in the state of Delaware. Acquiring a registered agent is a requirement under the law of Delaware as this agent is supposed to act on behalf of the organization and to represent the company in various legal encounters (How to form a Business Entity, 2011). The next step is the formation of a name of the company. By paying around $75.00, name of the company can be reserved for at least a period of 120 days in the record of Delaware Division of Corporations. Legal papers such as Certificate of Incorporation/Formation and Certificate of Status/Good Standing are required to be obtained under Delaware Division of Corporations. Fees related to incorporation, filing of names and legal papers must be submitted. All companies formed in the State of Delaware are required to submit an Annual Report along with $50. The franchise tax has different tax rates with different amounts of profits the company earns in a given financial year. The payment period also varies in the similar manner. Electronic filing of

Marxism and Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marxism and Culture - Essay Example Marxism is not a culture, but has necessarily created a culture that Marxism depends on to self-replicate across time and throughout the class stratifications. Classical Marxism was a strict theory of labor and economics and was for all practical purposes devoid of any culture. Structural Marxism began to see the interactions of social classes and their impact on production. The media portrays the classes that are necessary for an orderly economic system and they become a part of our culture. Economic status, occupation, and social position all become cultural values. According to Butler, "Marx himself argued that pre-capitalist economic formations could not be fully extricated from the cultural and symbolic worlds in which they were embedded" (42). Values, norms, history, and heritage all become the ingredients of a culture that provides a willing and capable workforce for the ruling class. The culture, social structure, intellectual debate, and economic system cannot be divorced or stand independently. The world is made up of social groups that work either independently or interdependently to create their own culture. Groups may be formed and maintained on the basis of family, economics, geography, education, or occupation. Closely related to these social groups is the functional quality that they contribute to society's ability to produce and sustain.

Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sikhism all spring for the same part of the Essay

Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sikhism all spring for the same part of the world and share many of the same symbols, concepts, and prac - Essay Example Hinduism, Sikhism, and Buddhism all originated from India though at different times in history. Buddhism is a form of religion that is based on virtues such as wisdom, freedom from greed, compassion, and love. The term Buddha was the name of an individual who is believed by the Buddhists to have attained the listed virtues. It is believed that Buddhism is 2500 years old. Buddhists view life as a process of change, where an individual develops systematically towards attaining the good personality. Buddhists believe that the mind is the channel through which an individual can change for the better and therefore meditation is an important practice among the Buddhists. Buddhists believe that meditation is the cure to problems of the mind such as lack of sleep, confusion, anxiety, and hatred among others. Festivals are considered important in Buddhism religion as it brings the followers together. The Buddha has various festivities around the year. For instance, the Buddha day marks the ce lebration of the full moon when the followers celebrate enlightenment by reviewing their lives and works. Dharma day is another festivity in Buddhism that marks the full moon and followers commemorate how Buddha shared his experience with the first disciple. Other celebrations include, Sangha day which the community celebrate spiritual community and the Parinirvana which symbolized the death of Buddha. Hinduism is a religion characterized by religious traditions and philosophy. The Hindu religion is also believed to have originated in India. The noble people who lived in India and recorded their ideas, beliefs, and practices on books founded it. The key teaching in Hindu religion is that human nature is not confined in the mind or the body. The Hindus believe that there exist spirits in the human souls all other things that are visible. Hinduism believe on wisdom, joy and peace among the things that make be considered good. Hindus believe in the existence of god in all creation and that god can incarnate is something. Hinduism also believes that god is infinite and manifests in different ways by which he can be contacted or prayed to. The behavior of Hindus is determined by the position an individual hold in life and the responsibilities attached to it. The religion also believes that human beings undergo development stages in life. Hinduism have many festivities around the year. These festivals are marked with prayers, worships, magic, and processions among others. The rituals are meant to cleanse the society, expel bad omen, and revive the power of nature. Some of the Hindu festivities include, celebrations of birthday for the gods, bonding festivals, celebration of victories among others. Sikhism is a form of religion that was founded by a man called Guru Nanak in India approximately five hundred years ago. The Sikhs believe that there is only one god and that all people are equal before god. The Sikhs also believe that before the soul becomes human form, i t undergoes a cycle of development. Another aspect of Sikhism is the practice of leading a virtuous life while balancing between temporal and spiritual obligations. Sikhism religion does not believe in some rituals such as fasting, superstitions, and idol worshiping. In the ritual dimension on religion, it is evident that all these three religions perform certain rituals to

Discuss the Setting of Edgar Allan Poe's The Cast of Amontillado Essay

Discuss the Setting of Edgar Allan Poe's The Cast of Amontillado - Essay Example An author also uses the settings to elaborate on the surroundings or to distract one’s reader, to make way for introducing credibility or organization in a story or to make the things more confusing or chaotic. â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† by Edgar Allan Poe is a story that hovers around revenge and vengeance. The narrator in the story creates a spooky and gloomy setting centered on the underground tomb of a European aristocrat, and ideal locale and ambience to relate a mysterious and blood curdling tale from the past. The settings in this story make it more believable, add to its Gothic appeal and keep the reader expectant and apprehensive till the end. When it comes to the setting in a story, Poe’s approach was to select and reveal the details with precision and care so that they amply contributed to the mood he intended to project, while avoiding all excess and dross. This is what Poe masterfully attempts to do while choosing the setting in the work under co nsideration. The essential objective of the setting in â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† is to accentuate the tale’s mysteriousness, by leaving many questions unanswered. The writer or the narrator never clearly mentions the locale of the story. It is the narrator’s reference to â€Å"palazzo†, which is the Italian for a palace and his knowledge of the Italian wines that amply corroborate to the conjecture that perhaps the story is set at some place in Italy (Poe: Online). Plausibly, a noncommittal and ambiguous approach on the part of the writer regarding the place where the story takes place in a way allows the readers to let their imagination go free. This stratagem allows the readers to use one’s fancy to guess or often fill in the details that the writer purposely left unanswered and untold. The tendency to hide big details while immaculately etching the micro physical and atmospheric elements of the surroundings in which the story takes place, m akes the writer have a hold over the readers deep seated emotions of pity and fear, while nowhere obviously appearing to do so. Again the writer never directly mentions the time in which the story takes place. However, it will be safe to say that it took place somewhere around 18th or 19th century, as Fortunato is depicted as being a Mason (Poe: Online). Also, Montresor is shown as wearing a ‘roquelaire’, which was a common fashion accessory, attributed to the 18th and the 19th century (Poe: Online). The ambiguity regarding the time and place in the narrative initially frustrates the reader, until one relents and surrenders one’s imagination to the will and intentions of the writer. Poe also uses the setting in the story to create a contrast between the revelry of the carnival in the 18th century Italy and the horror associated with Montresor’s vaults and catacombs (Poe: Online). The parties, costumes, feasts, parades, capes and masks signifying the festiv ities and joys of the carnival are in sharp contrast to the darkness, murkiness and somewhat diabolical nature of the crime that Montresor intends to commit. The gaiety and piety associated with the carnival acts as a file which further accentuates the morbidity of Montresor’s intentions and strategy. The brooding sense of fear and threat are in a way get highlighted by the atmosphere in Montresor’s underground vault where both his wine and the skeleton’s of his family members reside (Poe: Online). To the essentially American readers of Poe, these

ECommerce Course Work Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

ECommerce Course Work - Case Study Example In this report I will access and analyze the security issues and concerns regarding the online Globetrotting Hotels system. I will discuss about the handling of the customers’ personal information and payment details on the online web. Then I will also talk about the installation of the better facilities for the customers like customer care services, physical security, online information preservation, etc. Harry Smith has planned to present the matchless group of the local self-governing hotels. These local self-regulating hotels will be combined through the worldwide chain and will proffer very friendly high quality services and local knowledge. Here in this global chain of the globetrotter will be very useful and effective through the implementation of one-stop web site. This website will be a common platform where the customers are able to fine deeper and wider information regarding the online world wide hotels chain. This also facilitates the Globetrotting for the effective management and customer services.1 In this section I will talk about the better e-payment system that will facilitate the effective online business management of the Globetrotting Hotels system. The main reasons behind this idea is to critically analyze, compare and contrast the different ways of the e-payment systems and choose a better way for the Globetrotting Hotels system. This system should have the potential of assessing more enhanced and fraud less online payment services. The first type that is mostly used for the e-payments is the credit card payment system. Through this system we will ask the credit card number and payment details from the customer for the online transaction. This information will be used for the online transaction. This method of the online payment is very useful, but in earlier few years we have seen massive number of online credit card frauds. For this reason most of the people hesitate to carry out an online transaction (e-payment, 2008). In our

GNU Public License Essay Example for Free

GNU Public License Essay There are multiple operating systems out there available for a number of platforms, or systems, to run. The most popular of which, is Microsoft Windows. As we all know, Windows is not a free program and Microsoft is trying to instill a subscription fee to use Microsoft products. For years, the money hungry corporation has left many people searching for an alternative. In comes Linux. Linux is a UNIX based platform that uses the GNU General Public License. Linux is a very popular platform for a multitude of reasons, but above all else, it’s because it’s a free platform that has become what it is now due to GNU. The purpose of this paper is not, in fact, to speak about Linux, Windows, or any other operating system, but to talk about what the GNU public license is, and it’s role in information technology today. So what is the GNU public license? According to â€Å"GNU Operating System† (2007), â€Å"The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for software and other kinds of works.† (Preamble). What does this mean? Well, a copyright license for software, or any other type of works, are designed to take away the freedom of developers to share or change the software or work licensed. For example, Microsoft has a license agreement that prevents you from doing any modifications to any of their software, and stipulates any fees or distributions with that software. The exact opposite is true for the GNU General Public License as its intentions is to guarantee your freedom to modify and share any and all versions of a program or software covered by the GNU. This, in turn, ensures the software, or works, will remain free for all of its users. The GNU Public Licenses are designed to enable individuals the right to freely distribute copies of the free software, with provided source code, that you can modify and charge for if you like. If you modify it, add your own source coding to enhance or individualize the program, you have the right to charge for the software. You can also use parts, or all, of the coding from these software applications in new free programs. In order to protect your rights, the GNU prevents others from denying, or  forcing you to relinquish any rights you have to the software. Now, with that being said, if you wish to distribute copies of the software, modify it, or sell it, you will need to comply with certain responsibilities to respect the freedom of other potential users of this software. So, if you decide to distribute copies of a program you’ve been working on under the GNU, free or otherwise, you should pass on the same rights to others that you received yourself. This means you need to make the source code available for those just as it was made available for you. Developers using the GNU general public license protect your rights in two ways. This is done by asserting a copyright on the software, as well as offering you access to this license to legally give you permission to modify, copy or distribute it. On the same note, for the author or developers’ protection, the GPL states there is no warranty to cover any software obtained under the GNU. For the protection of the developers, or any authors, the GPL requires that any modified versions must be marked as changed, so that any potential problems will not be attributed mistakenly to any previous developers. Finally, software patents constantly threaten all programs. To ensure their protection, the GPL assures that all patents cannot be used to render any program as non-free. The GNU general public license is a remarkable agreement giving many developers the free reign to modify and personalize software that they did not originally develop. This allows businesses the right to customize programs to fit their needs, and not be liable for any wrongdoing by modifying the original software. I am a huge fan of the GNU, and highly recommend you look into the use of GNU software as well. References GNU Operating System. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html Stalling, W. (2012). Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles (7th ed.). Retrieved from https://newclassroom3.phoenix.edu/Classroom/#/contextid/OSIRIS:44214502/context/co/view/activityDetails/activity/987e268c-c478-4f85-ab08-ea8d45bb90a3/expan

Pharmaceutical Drug Companies Essay Example for Free

Pharmaceutical Drug Companies Essay Pharmaceutical drug companies comprise the main driving force behind drug design, production and marketing. Pharmaceutical companies are very active in research, wherein they devote 80% of their funds for research and development and only 20% to sales of their drugs. The concentration of these companies in research and development has significantly expanded in the last two decades, resulting in the introduction of a large number of drugs to the public. It has been observed that the amount of funds spent on research and development is strongly correlated with the strength of a company’s drug sales. Potent novel drugs generally result in huge drug sales that can be utilized or recycled for further research and development. Other resources such as stock market investments have been determined to be inferior tools for financing of activities of pharmaceutical drug companies because supplementary expenses are always part of such joint ventures. Unfortunately, fluctuations in actual drug prices directly affect the activities for research and development of drug companies because more expensive drugs result in an increase in the amount of income that drug companies generate, and only a small portion of the income is needed for investment. The continuous research and development activities of pharmaceutical drug companies only slightly stimulate the speed of development of new drugs that will be introduced to the market. The main governing body that controls the endorsement of prescription drugs is the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This administrative group is also responsible for establishing standards for regulation and advertisement of drugs to both potential consumers and medical practitioners. The FDA provides requirements that advertisements accurately explain all pertinent information of the drug and appropriately present the benefits and risks of using the drug. It is required that drug advertisements be submitted to the FDA as soon as these forms of media are released to the consumer public. These forms of media include any types of publications, flyer distributions and broadcast media, including radio and television advertisements. In the past 5 years, the amount of advertisements for pharmaceutical drugs has grown significantly. Consequently, the number of communications released by the FDA regarding regulation of drug advertising has also increased. These communications explain the dangers of presenting deceptive and confusing information regarding the pharmaceutical drug that a company is promoting. Should the FDA determine that a drug advertisement has misinformed the public, the advertising pharmaceutical company is asked to change the content of their advertisement, or else the entire advertisement will be removed from further exposure to the public. Currently, there are fewer pharmaceutical advertisements that have been advised to be modified or removed, suggesting the pharmaceutical drug companies have lately been following the FDA regulations cautiously and properly. Society has been increasingly procuring pharmaceutical drugs during the last ten years. Drug purchase comprises approximately 10% of health care expenses in the United States, and it has been estimated that almost 3% of the entire household expenses of elderly adults are spent towards buying medicines (Kreling et al. , 2001). Such amplification in the general drug expenses per household results from variations in the price of the pharmaceutical drugs and the frequency of usage of drugs. A higher frequency of drug usage, as also influenced by the amount of prescriptions given by a medical practitioner to a patient, plays one of the major influences on the general increase in drug expenses. An increase in general drug expenses in a household is also influenced by the increase in price of the particular drugs that the household routinely procures for medication and health maintenance. Another force that generates an increase in the household expenses for drugs involves the switching from previous medications to newer prescription drugs. Old medications are usually replaced by newer drugs because newer drugs tend to be more efficacious and potent that the old medication. Unfortunately, newer drugs are commonly more expensive. It has been estimated that there has been a 17% increase in the purchase of pharmaceutical drugs recently, wherein 6% of such increase was due to inflation in the price of the pharmaceutical drug, and another 6% was due the actual increase in price of the drug itself, and another 4% increase was influenced by the switch from an old prescription to a new medication (NIHCM, 2002). It has been determined that the consumption of pharmaceutical drugs has increased yearly for the last 10 years, mainly due to the aggressive advertising and promotion of pharmaceutical drugs by the corresponding drug companies to medical practitioners. In addition, the increased utilization of pharmaceutical drugs is also influenced by the number of elderly patients that are being prescribed multiple pharmaceutical drugs for treatment and maintenance. Among such drugs are those effective to management of blood pressure, cholesterol, blood sugar and depression. The increase in the price of pharmaceutical drugs provides a way for a pharmaceutical drug company to acquire resources to funds their activities in research and development. Hence, there is always a factor to consider when picking a pharmaceutical drug. A drug that is preferentially bought by the consumer public significantly raises more revenue for the pharmaceutical drug company, and in turn, the pharmaceutical drug company is thus encouraged to design and develop additional new drugs that the consumer public will appreciate in the same way as they did with the principal pharmaceutical drug. However, the price of a pharmaceutical drug does not automatically determine whether the consumer will purchase that particular drug. An example to this dilemma can be observed in certain pharmaceutical drugs that are sold at such a high price when bought through its brand name, but the same active ingredient or the generic form of the drug can also be bought at an affordable and cheaper price. A certain fraction of the consumer public will purchase generic drugs instead of brand-name drugs, mainly to decrease their average household expenses of medication. Unfortunately, there are certain drugs that are unavailable in its generic form, hence the consumer has no choice but to buy the brand-name drug, which is usually very expensive. A comparative research has determined that the efficacy of a brand-name medication is as good as its generic form (Liebermann, 2005). The employment of insurance companies has facilitated consumers in reducing the prices of pharmaceutical drugs, wherein the health insurance companies have indicated that specific drugs with reasonable prices will only be included in their formulary of prescription drugs. Health insurance companies have also adapted co-payment options which guide the consumer to procure cheaper yet effective drugs for their treatment. In addition, medical practitioners are also advised that they provide their patients with both brand and generic names of the prescription drugs they are handing out to their patients, so that the patients will have the freedom to choose which pharmaceutical drug they will buy from the pharmacy (Lanjouw and Cockburn, 2005).

Study of Burnout in English Language Teachers

Study of Burnout in English Language Teachers CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Generally, individuals who work face to face with people may experience burnout. Burnout can be a primary cause to an individual who suffers from this symptoms and also people around them (Landeche, 2009). Moreover, this syndrome affects people who work in helping professions or other client-centered fields (Schutte, Toppinen, Kalimo, Schaufeli, 2000). The idea of burnout was formed by Herbert Freudenberger in 1974 as wearing down or draining out of energy (Freudenberger North, 1985). In addition, Freudenberger (1974), state that burnout â€Å"is not a situation that gets better by being ignored. Nor is it any kind of disgrace. On the opposite, its a problem born of good intentions.† Burnout may render people unable to cope with their problems; however, those who are able to cope with their problems of work issues may perform better at their jobs. In the teaching profession, the phenomenon of burnout has often been studied and has globally been well accepted as being problematic and uncertain for teachers (Cherniss, 1995; Guglielmi Tatrow, 1998). Folkman (1984) relates burnout with stress; it is a combination of mental and physical symptoms. This psychological react as â€Å"long-term exhaustion and diminished interest† and it may take a long period to blow up to the surface. In addition to that, high level of stress for considerable periods of time could increase burnout characteristics including less sympathy and understanding towards students, reduced acceptance of students, failure to set up lessons and a lack of commitment to the teaching profession (Dorman, 2003). Ingersoll and Smith (2003) mentioned that teacher burnout is often known as a main source of teacher retention phase. At present, teachers in Malaysia are facing extensive pressure from all the changes taking place in the education system due to the Malaysia Plan. About 4 out of 27 Institut Pendidikan Guru Malaysia (IPGM) (Teachers Training Institutes) will focus on teacher training of English language teachers. Besides, the government will assess and monitor the effectiveness of the program constantly and will provide some inventive to empower students with English language (Tenth Malaysia Plan, 2010). This idea has increased ESL teachers workload and hence brings about the assumption that their burnout level has also risen. To make the above statement clearer, the teaching periods had increased from 90 240 to 330 minutes a week for primary 1, 2 and 3. Meanwhile, for primary 4, 5 and 6 it has increased from 90 210 minutes to 300 minutes a week. The changes also do not exclude secondary schools ESL teachers, whereby their teaching periods had increased from 80 200 to 280 minutes a week. Further, literature reports that workload or work tasks have increased and education system transformation, societal changes and multitasking have caused teachers work to increase in intensity (Brante, 2009). Moreover, the changes of moral and normative quality of teachers work (where teachers are expected to influence students lives to a greater level than in the past) also have caused teachers work to become more complicated and intense (Brante, 2009). The complexity of the tiredness situation develops negative job feelings, low professional in self-perceptive and losing of empathy for clients (Maslach Pines, 1984). According to this characterization, the burnout syndrome consists of three dimensions: emotional exhaustion felt by people who cooperate extensively with other people, depersonalization and diminished personal accomplishment. Emotional exhaustion is indicated by lack of energy and the consumption of a persons emotional wealth. Depersonalization results in the form of impassiveness and cynicism toward co-workers, clients, and the organization. Finally, diminished personal accomplishment is a tendency to assess oneself negatively (Maslach, 1982; Maslach Jackson, 1981; Pines Maslach, 1980). According to Maslach (1976), people who always have interactions with others can undergo consistent emotional pressure. Burke and Greenglass (1995) suggested that burnout includes three components â€Å"that are conceptually diverse but empirically related† (p.188). In this line, Schaufeli and Buunk (2002) consider the occurrence of teachers difficulties is characterized in three dimensions, including (1) a physical dimension concerning exhaustion as an external symptom, (2) a mental distancing from regular teacher activities, and (3) a reduced professional effectiveness. Considering all of these measures which contribute to teacher burnout, the purpose of this study took its shape. The study primarily aims to investigate the level of burnout in a selected group of English language teachers in Putrajaya primary and secondary schools. Additionally, it seeks to find out whether their working experience or teaching level can determine their level of burnout. 1.2 Statement of Problem Teachers are often physically and emotionally challenged; therefore, they may experience burnout. Teacher burnout has been shown to have negative effects on teacher and student performance (Huberman Vandenberghe, 1999; Maslach Leiter, 1999). Here a clear picture can be seen that stresses an important issue in most educational systems today. Research on elementary school teachers in the United States shows that working experience can influences teacher burnout (Cheek, Bradley, Parr Lan, 2003). In line with that, research in Malaysia also indicates teachers from different working experience categories suffer varying levels of burnout (Mukundan Khandehroo, 2009). Besides, a research in Hong Kong primary and secondary school teachers perceived different level of stress (Alan, Chan, Chen, Elaine Chong, 2010). Whereas most research carried out in European and North American Countries indicated high levels of burnout among primary school teachers (Mearns Cain, 2003). In Malaysia, primary and secondary school teachers also suffered from stress (NUTP, 2005). Demographic factors have been found much related to burnout syndrome among teachers in various studies. Most of the studies focused on age, gender, marital status, education attainment and job satisfaction, but very few focused on working experience among specific subject teachers (Mukundan Khandehroo, 2009). Moreover, not much studies done in federal administrative centre of Malaysia like Putrajaya. Meanwhile, the education system and administration also has been graded as very outstanding. Given the relative paucity of research in this area in Malaysia, it is important to study the effect of teachers working experience and teaching level on burnout. 1.3 Objectives of Study The present study is an attempt to determine the level of burnout among a group of English language teachers in a number of primary and secondary schools in Putrajaya, Malaysia. The specific objectives of the study are as follows: To determine the level of burnout dimensions of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment among the sample. To compare the samples burnout levels in reference to their working experience. To compare the samples level of burnout in reference to their teaching level. 1.4 Research Questions The research questions of the study are as follows: What is the level of emotional exhaustion among ESL teachers in Putrajaya? What is the level of depersonalization among ESL teachers in Putrajaya? What is the level of personal accomplishment among ESL teachers in Putrajaya? Is there a significant difference between high (10 years and above) and low (below 10 years) experienced teachers scores of burnout dimensions? Is there a significant difference between the ESL primary and secondary school teachers scores of burnout dimensions? 1.5 Significance of Study At this small-scale level, the findings from this study will provide valuable information for both schools (primary and secondary) ESL teachers in Putrajaya. By having this information, teachers and stake holders may realize and more aware of the current situations. School is a centre in promoting education to students. In educational setting, students relate to many different professionals who assist them in pursuing and achieving their educational goals. Teachers have important roles in the teaching- learning network. Maslach (1976) notes that the teaching career is relatively flat with little opportunity for hierarchical advancement, and regardless of how many hours teachers work, there is very little opportunity for additional pay. Based on this, it is expected that this study will help ESL teachers especially to be more professional in managing their work and to help them to reduce their burnout level. In addition, the study contributes to ESL teachers and administrators awareness of the can factors that lead to burnout. This will prevent the teacher from being overly stressed or burnt out at work. This study looks into the burnout occurrence with relation to working experience among ESL teachers in Putrajaya schools. It also tries to determine primary and secondary school ESL teachers level of burnout. It is one of the steps to have ‘healthy teachers ensure effective teaching performance. The significance of this study lies on the data collection regarding the burnout and working experience among primary and secondary school ESL teachers in Malaysia. It can lead to a better reduction of stress among the English as Second Language teachers in Putrajaya. The findings of the study can provide useful information for the decision makers to help the ESL teachers as increased stress levels would affect the education system. Moreover, the administrators also have better understanding of the present educational situation and this will improve teachers efficiency in primary and secondary schools in Putrajaya and consequently result in students better performance. 1.6 Limitation of Study This study was limited to primary and secondary school ESL teachers in Federal Territory of Putrajaya only. As such, the findings may not be generalized to all primary and secondary schools ESL teachers in Malaysia. In addition according to Krejcie and Morgan (1970) the researcher required a sample size of 113. However, only 79 respondents cooperated for this study. The ESL teachers who were excluded in this study were in courses, doing further study, on medical leave and maternity leave and some of them were on personal leave. 1.7 Operational Definition of Terms Burnout :Freudenberger (1974) defined burnout as one of the chronic exhaustion and frustration resulting from continued commitment to a goal or principle that has unsuccessful to produce a corresponding reward. Within the scope of the present study, burnout refers to ESL teachers experience of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment based on the well-known definition by Maslach (1976) as well as Maslach and Jackson (1981). Emotional Exhaustion : Feelings of being emotionally overextended and exhausted by ones daily conflict in work. In this study, following Gavrilovici (2007), the term is defined as the lack of passion and the sense of emotional draining by other people among the teachers. As the first dimension of burnout, emotional exhaustion in this study is measured by items like I feel emotionally drained from my work Depersonalization: An insensitive and impersonal response toward receivers of ones concern, care, service or instruction (Maslach, Jackson, Leiter, 1996). Thus, it can result in the form of impassiveness and cynicism toward co-workers, clients and the organization(Ali Hamdy, 2005). In this study, it is measured by items like I feel I treat some students as if they were impersonal objects Personal Accomplishment : It is defined as feelings of competency and successful achievement in ones work and ones self capability in classroom and professional efficacy (Gavrilovici, 2007). In this study, items like I feel I am positively influencing other peoples lives through my work, helped the researcher measure teachers personal accomplishment. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction In this chapter the previous studies on burnout and its three dimensions are presented. Next, studies that investigated burnout and its connection with working experience are discussed. The chapter also includes a review of the literature on burnout in relation to teaching levels of primary and secondary schools. Finally, the theoretical and conceptual frameworks of the study are discussed. 2.2 Studies Related to Burnout and its Dimensions Ideally, the teaching profession should be seen as effect ion of love in work and enthusiastic; however, various studies have shown that today it has been changed as a stressful job (Travers Cooper, 1996; Kyriacou, 2001; Kyriakides, Campbell Christofidou, 2002). Moreover, todays teaching job is quite complicated as teachers have to carry out not only teaching but also matters associated with curriculum, students, parents, the school community and departmental initiatives. According to Smylie (1999), â€Å"These are tough times to be a teacher† (p. 59). These issues of distress in the teaching profession may be the culprits for increased burnout levels. Generally, individuals who work face to face with people may experience burnout. Burnout can be a primary cause to an individual who suffers from this symptoms and also people around them (Landeche, 2009). Burnout in the teaching profession has frequently been investigated and has globally been well accepted as being problematic for teachers (Cherniss, 1995; Guglielmi Tatrow, 1998). Burnout was first introduced by Herbert Freudenberger in 1974. It was defined as wearing down or draining out of energy (Freudenberger North, 1985). Burnout may render people unable to cope with their problems. Those who are unable to cope with their problems of work issues may exhibit a lower level of job performance quality. Burnout is a sophisticated state of mental strain, the center of which is emotional exhaustion (Maslach Jackson, 1981). The thought of going to work is a common symptom of emotional exhaustion. Often this can be exacerbated as individuals become frustrated or angry with themselves as they realize they cannot give the same kind of enthusiasm as in the past to the company or administrator. However, New York Magazine stated burnout is a problem thats both physical and existential, an untidy conglomeration of external symptoms and personal frustrations (Senior, 2006). Burnout results from a form of chronic stress associated with the everyday interactions and close contact with others that is required in peoples work (Pennington, 1992). Teachers are among the people that are highly exposed to burnout because they entertain their students every day in school. Teaching line at times can be very dissatisfying and it is a painstaking job (Cikla Duatepe, 2004). Most of burnout research that had been done has been limited to the helping profession (e.g., nursing, education, social work); however, the construct is pervasive, cutting across many types of organizations and jobs (Cordes Dougherty, 1993). In conjunction with that, Stoeber and Rennert (2008) conducted research involving different cultures. They found that school teachers have one of the highest levels of work stress. Societal changes, increased workload or work tasks, education system transformation, change of moral and normative quality of teachers work (where teachers are expected to influence students lives to a greater level than in the past), and multitasking have caused teachers work to increase in intensity and become more complicated (Brante, 2009). Burnout can develop negative job feelings, low professional in self-perceptive and losing of empathy for clients (Maslach Pines, 1984). The burnout syndrome is explained in three dimensions: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and diminished personal accomplishment (Maslach Pines, 1984). According to Maslach (1976), people who always have interactions with others can undergo repetitious emotional pressure. The construct of emotional exhaustion imply the thoughts of overtiredness and overextension caused by every day work force, and workplace conflicts. While, depersonalization is referring to the growth of negative feelings and impersonal responses towards the people they works closely which affect the continual relations among helpers (for example, teachers) and clients (for example, students). Reduced personal accomplishment means a loss of self esteem and work accomplishment as a consequence of limited positive feedback and recognition and competency in personal affairs at work (Maslach Jackson, 1981; Rowe, 1998). In line with that, Burke and Greenglass (1995) suggested that burnout which includes three components â€Å"that are conceptually diverse but empirically related† (p.188). Schaufeli and Buunk (2002) considered the occurrence of teachers difficulties is characterized in the three dimensions, including (1) a physical dimension concerning to exhaustion as an external symptom, (2) a mental distancing from regular teacher activities, and (3) a reduced professional effectiveness. Some studies indicate stress can occur due to the workload increment, mischievous students, parent-teacher relationship issues, misunderstandings among colleagues, no support or very poor school leadership and lack of autonomy (Skaalvik Skaalvik, 2007). The longer a teacher works, the less job satisfaction they exhibit. This paves the way to an increase in emotional exhaustion (EE) and a reduction in personal accomplishment (PA). Most recognized that teaching profession has one of the largest occupational pressures. Burnout influences most of the teachers at some point of their teaching profession (Cheek, Bradley, Parr Lan, 2003; Dorman, 2003; Schwab Iwanicki, 1982). Teachers burnout can have consequences for their professions (Wood McCarthy, 2002). Moreover, when burnout increases in teachers profession, it makes them hate their career and it affects their students achievement (Dworkin, 1985). Farber and Miller (1981) notable that teachers who experience symptoms of burnout might: be less sympathetic with their students have low tolerance for frustration not plan often or carefully consider or plan to leave the profession all together report feelings of emotional or physical exhaustion on a frequent basis be depressed, irritable, and anxious From the professional point of view, burnout can lead to a significant fall in teaching performance, frequent absenteeism due to illness and early retirement. Teachers who suffer from burnout may behave rigidly towards their students, and have negative and low expectations of students, and they may feel exhausted emotionally and physically, and show low levels of involvement in teaching or concern for their students (Maslach, 1976; Spaniol Caputo, 1979; Farber Miller, 1981). In the United States, teacher burnout has become a topic receiving national attention (Blase, 1986; Huston 1989). A survey of American literature by Farber (1991) showed that approximately 5-20 percent of all teachers in the United States will be burned out at a given moment in their career. In Malaysia, the unease over job-related stress, experienced by school teachers, has been raised to a great extent by the National Union of the Teaching Profession or NUTP (Abdul Muin Sapidin, 2005). As it can be observed from the findings of the local research in both primary and secondary schools a considerable proportion of teachers suffer from stress. The teachers who experienced high levels of stress, in each research, included 17.5% (Mokhtar Ahmad, 1998), 21.3% (Mohd Razali Othman Abd. Mat Abg. Masagus, 1998) and 36.8% (Malakolunthu, 1994). These researchers have reported various factors as the sources of stress in their samples, including students attitude, workload, and having to teach poorly motivated students. A research by Mukundan and Khandehroo (2009) found that burnout was evident among Malaysian English teachers at high levels in all dimensions. However, there is a lack of attempt to measure the burnout level involved in ESL teaching in the country. 2.3 Studies Related to Working Experience and Burnout Teacher development is a dynamic journey. The occurrence of work stress of teachers has increased in recent years. While educators were a strong element in influencing education resolution and encouraged by varies class of people since 30 to 40 years ago, this begin to change particularly starting the mid-70s (Iwanicki, 1983; Gunduz, 2005). Until now, more than 1,000 studies on burnout done by the researchers and it can be considered the gold standard research where teachers who have spent many years in the profession also been involved (Schaufeli Enzmann, 1998). The demographics variables that may influence burnout include the teachers age, gender, marital status, education background, working hours, time spent in former workplace, experience, sensitivity of their job and their self perceptions about quality of teaching (Johnson, Gold Knepper, 1984; Qtd. in Aksoy, 2007, p. 20). Researchers have found that age and teaching experience are related to teacher stress level (Yahaya, Hashim, Kim, 2005). Moreover, studies carried out in Malaysia identified several factors contributing to stress and burnt out at work among teachers, such as years of experience in teaching (Mokhtar, 1998), the feelings of responsibility and working environment (Ismail, 1998), the school type and perceptions of inadequate school facilities (Chan, 2006) and use of information technology (Hanizah, 2003). Moreover, studies have shown that teachers burnout often experiences an aggravated phase at some point in the middle of their teaching experience that is about teaching after 15 years or so. This is when teachers may feel frustrated with teaching or working to meet the level of step-down. As a result, they often feel helplessness and fatigue. In American and Australian study found that newer teachers were more likely to experience higher burnout than more experienced ones (Crane Iwanicki, 1986; Pierce Molloy, 1990). The relationship between the level of burnout and teaching experience may be explained by the intention that feeling burnout could be reduced as a result of trained maturity. Attention to the teachers experience is also given by Konert (1997). She suggests that better coping skills with students have been developed by more experienced teachers than less experienced teachers, and they might have acquired more realistic expectations over the time about their profession. Generally, teachers who are less experienced are in need of help from their seniors or experienced teachers. The experienced teachers will try to solve the problem by themselves. However, these teachers also need to sacrifice their time. This indicates experience could also be a crucial factor that can influence burnout. Leong (1995) stated that development of effective methodology to cope with various factors that lead to stress may be handled more effectively by the teacher with more experience. Studies showed that a teacher without experience is more likely to be an ‘interventionist than a highly experienced teacher (Martin et al., 2002). On the other hand, another study shows that an experienced teacher is more likely to be an ‘interventionist (Martin et al., 2002). Here the ‘interventionist refers to the teachers beliefs and attitudes toward classroom management in three broad dimensions which are instructional management, people management, and behavior management with reference to working experience. More research is required to resolve such inconsistencies in previous research findings. Less experienced teachers may suffer from burnout as a result of a feeling of powerlessness. A teacher who experiences low self-esteem and out-of-the-way from students will not be able to perform well. Shukla and Trivedi (2008) state that, â€Å"Burnout is not a trivial problem but it is an important parameter of a major social dysfunction in the work place† (p. 324). In addition to that, teacher burnout has been shown to have negative effects on teacher and student performance (Huberman Vandenberghe, 1999; Maslach Leiter, 1999). Teachers who are confused on their job specifications will develop feelings of depersonalization. Dissatisfaction and increases in tiredness, increases with work pressures, and role conflict (Viswesvaran et al., 1999). Again, less experienced teachers may feel high levels of burnout as they have to cope with the changes in a new environment. Less experienced teachers are more likely to experience burnout and conflict-inducing attitudes towards the students (Sava, 2001). In a study in southwest United States, 51 elementary school teachers were involved in the study using music therapy techniques to treat teacher burnout (Cheek, Bradley, Parr Lan, 2003). The results showed that burnout also influences most teachers at some point in their working experiences (Cheek et. al., 2003). A study on the age and years of teaching experience of the agriculture teacher are related to depersonalization scores and no significant relationships were found between years of teaching experience and emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment (Croom, 2003). Obviously, as teachers grow older and more experienced, they will alleviate coping skills in tendency to treat students in an impersonal manner. In line with that, teaching competency is an additional determining stressor for less experienced teachers with limited training, as research shows significant differences between the novice and the experienced, the trained and untrained, as well as those with and without full qualifications (Chan Juriani, 2010). In other words, teaching capability is a factor which causes the teachers who lack training and experience to feel more stressful than the other teachers. In Malaysia, a study by Mukundan and Khandehroo (2009) indicated less experienced ESL teachers had a higher level of emotional exhaustion as compared to experienced teachers. Such findings imply that less experienced teachers are more responsive to their students than the experienced ones. In contrast, Hong Kong studies found that no significant difference has been found between teachers with various years of teaching experience in perceived stress level (Alan, Chan, Chen, Elaine Chong, 2010). However, connection can be seen from previous study in Turkey. It involves 523 teachers from 50 primary public schools. The researcher sought to find out to what extent teaching experience variables predict burnout among primary school teachers. The results of the study indicated that working experience can be considered as significant predictors of emotional exhaustion dimension of burnout (Yalà §Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±n Ozdemir, 2007). From the literature it may be seen that burnout is a complex issue that should be addressed in reference to working experience. In the present study, another variable which is teaching level and the literature related to it will be discussed. 2.4Studies Related to Teaching Level and Burnout Studying on the issue of burnout among primary and secondary school teachers is important for the administration and teachers to work together to improve the working environment and reduce the burnout. In Malaysia, a survey conducted among 9,000 primary, secondary and technical school teachers revealed that 67% of Malaysian teachers suffer from stress (NUTP, 2005). From a few existing studies in the literature, researchers found primary and secondary school teachers in Hong Kong perceived different levels of stress. Teachers of primary schools perceived a significantly higher level of stress than those in secondary schools. Issues of class cuts and teachers career instability could be the main reasons for such results (Alan, Chan, Chen, Elaine Chong, 2010). A study on the relationship between primary school teachers burnout and some of their demographic variables in Turkish cities found that burnout levels of the teachers are low (Cikla Duatepe, 2004). By contrast, a study in Antalya, Turkey by Ali (2009) considers the relationship between teachers burnout and organizational health in primary schools. The findings show that teachers burnout level is low in emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment and high in depersonalization. Based on a study conducted on emotion regulation ability, burnout and job satisfaction among British secondary school teachers it was found that a significant relationship exists between emotion regulation ability and a component of burnout, personal accomplishment (Brackett, Palomera, Mojsa, Reyes Salovey, 2010). However, a study on emotional intelligence and locus of control as predictors of burnout among secondary school teachers in Ondo State, Nigeria indicated that both emotional intelligence and locus of control significantly could predict burnout among secondary school teachers (Akomolafe Popoola, 2011). In Malaysia, it was found that English teachers (n=184) teaching in Malaysian primary and secondary schools in Malacca experience burnout at high levels in all three dimensions of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment (Mukundan Khandehroo, 2009). In addition, in a research project conducted by Segumpan and Bahari (2006) among 1209 teachers from 14 secondary schools in Malacca, it was found that 57.2% of the respondents had high stress levels because of the students misbehavior. In contrast, in a study on stress among teachers in secondary schools in Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, it was found that 74% of secondary school teachers experienced low levels of stress (Azlihanis, Nyi Nyi, Aziah, Rusli, Mohd Rahim, 2009). Moreover, a study showed that role conflict, role ambiguity, role overload, and lack of administrative support significantly predict burnout among girls secondary school teachers in Kinta, Perak (Leong, 1995). In line with that, another study in Kinta, Perak showed that burnout among teachers are significantly related to social support, working environment and role overload. The boys secondary school teachers were experience higher level of burnout and teachers from girls secondary schools experience low level of burnout (Mohd Puat, 1998). As it can be seen from the reviewed literature, there is very little research on burnout and the teaching level and hence a need for further studies. 2.5 Theoretical and Conceptual Framework of the Study Figure 1 shows the theoretical framework for this study. Basically, emotional exhaustion plus depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment will influence burnout. In specific terms, a high score on the emotional exhaustion subscale and a high score on depersonalization subscale and a low score on personal accomplishment subscale will indicate a high level of burnout: (EE + DP) PA = BURNOUT. Based on this theoretical framework, the following conceptual framework was proposed (Figure 2): IV DV Context Figure 2: Conceptual framework As the figure shows, the independent variables (IV) are working experience of ESL teachers (>10 years and

The Effects of Global Warming :: essays research papers

The effects on Earth from its inhabitants is causing the temperature on the Earth to rise, and creating many problems that will begin to occur in the coming decades. The greenhouse effect is the absorption of energy radiated from the Earth's surface by carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere, causing the atmosphere to become warmer. The greenhouse effect is what is causing the temperature on the Earth to rise. Today, major changes are taking place. People are conducting an inadvertent global experiment by changing the face of the entire planet. We are destroying the ozone layer, which allows life to exist on the Earth's surface. All of these activities are unfavorably altering the composition of the biosphere and the Earth's heat balance. Through these actions we come to the pinnacle of an eco-revolution. "The Larsen B ice shelf†¦ has shattered and separated from the continent as a result of warming." (USA TODAY, 1) As the global temperature steadily rises so do the results of this global heat wave, impacting the environment. Ice which has remained frozen for 100’s of thousands of years has begun to melt, and break off into the ocean. Once separated from the ice shelf it is only a matter of time before the ice is reverted back to water, causing a rise in global sea levels. The end result of this melt is costal flooding as the sea level rises beyond its natural barriers, and spills into areas below our current sea level. In addition to changes being made to land masses, global warming is also impacting nature, which relies heavily on the delicate temperature balance which currently exists. â€Å"At lease 70 species of frogs, mostly mountain-dwellers that had nowhere to go to escape the creeping heat, have gone extinct because of climate change..† (Climateark.org, 1) Animals driven to the point of extinction due to the effects of global warming is a very concerning factor. The environment is being drastically changed due to small changes in global temperatures, 1 degree in climate change is devastating entire eco-systems. Not only has global warming impacted nature, and wildlife but it has also been shown to be a factor increasing disastrous weather. â€Å"†¦hurricanes and typhoons have become strong and longer lasting over the past 30 years. These upswings correlate with a rise in sea surface temperature.† (Roach, 1) Rising ocean temperatures due to an increase in planetary temperature, creates more powerful and disastrous weather.

Seeing The Vessels Of The Retina :: essays research papers

Seeing the Vessels of the Retina Have you ever seen a doctor look into a patient's eye with an instrument called an "ophthalmoscope"? The instrument lights up the inside of the eye and magnifies the vessels of the retina in the rear of the eye. This gives the doctor an idea about how healthy you are as he looks at all the vessels in the back of your eye. HYPOTHESIS I wanted to know if a person could see the blood vessels in the back of their own eye without using the instrument that the doctor uses in the eye exam. I am really interested in eyes because I have an uncle who got in a car accident and now he is blind. I hope someday doctors can help all those who are blind to be able to see. I guessed that a person could not see the blood vessels in the back of their own eyes. EXPERIMENT My experiment was not about the tiny blood vessels that you can easily see on the surface of the eye. It's to do with the larger vessels All I had to do was take a person into a dark room with my flashlight. I had them cover their left eye and look down at the floor with their right eye. I held the flashlight up towards the ceiling under their right eye, but they kept looking at the floor, not the light. RESULTS I am writing down what everyone recorded for me. I am first: JOSH: I could see black blood vessels with orange in the background...it looked like a lot of dead tree. BRENDA: The blood vessels resembled jagged lighting bolts or trees in the winter time. LAURA: I saw crooked lines that didn't stand still, but kept changing. DARWIN: The image appeared to be in front of the body and quite enlarged. I found that it takes practice to see this. BRYAN: Sometimes your eye gets tired before you can successfully do this, so you may have to use the other eye or take a rest and try it again.

Three day road summary

The story opens in 1919 after the war and we are first introduces to an old woman named Nicks, a native American living in Canadian we learn she is a medicine woman and healer. She's one of the last of her clan to live in the bush, having fought off going to the reserves and governments wanting to take the Indian out of the Indian at the time. She hears that her nephew whoso been sent off to the war has returned and paddles a long way to get to the train station.She sees Just how much the war has left him damaged: he's lost a leg and Is addicted to morphine, which was the pain medicine was used at the time. She understands that he's actually close to death and as she paddles him home, she realizes that In order to help him all she has to offer are the stones of her life. While she does this, Xavier who can't even talk and almost deaf Internally reflects on the past number of years, on his experience In the war with his childhood friend Elijah.This gives way to two different stories, two different narrators Nicks and Xavier. The novel Is structured Like one of those Russian Matrons dolls, the ones where you open up the doll to find other, smaller dolls inside. Nicks tells Xavier stories of her life, Elijah is obsessively compelled to tell Xavier war stories and poor Xavier is too damaged to speak of his own stories and so relives them in his morphine-addled head. One of the many ironies is that the skills of the two friends used for hunting in the bush become incredibly valuable on the battle field.The army quickly realizes their skill as trackers and as marksmen and so they are made into snipers quite quickly once they reach the front. Although their killing-abilities are remarkably respected and quite well regarded by the rest of the regiment, they still face racism within the army as a consequence of who they are. The characters feel very much like they eave to prove themselves as they face prejudice. Elijah discovers a lust for killing and is encouraged by s ome French soldiers to retrieve the scalps of his victims to prove he's killed as many as he claims.He treats the war as a game wanting to be the one to hold the most kills, while Xavier tries to come to terms with his devastating war-experiences. Elijah In his madness becomes a virtual killing machine, a winding In native terms. The welding Is a two sided thing: legend goes that If a person eats another human being In times of great starvation then he will grow to great heights and have an Insatiable appetite. The notion has a psychological aspect too: moral boundaries are hard to set when In the trenches and some Like Elijah get carried away by It all to a point of no return.Three day road summary By floral Indian at the time. She hears that her nephew who's been sent off to the war has the war has left him damaged: he's lost a leg and is addicted to morphine, which was death and as she paddles him home, she realizes that in order to help him all she has to offer are the stories o f her life. While she does this, Xavier who can't even talk and almost deaf internally reflects on the past number of years, on his experience in he war with his childhood friend Elijah.

Stone Finch Inc. Case Study Analysis

Stone Finch Inc. is a business in trouble. The organizations top producing division is losing talent and market share because of an innovative company revision that inspires and supports innovative subsidiary groups to sprout up within Stone Finch and then be decoupled from the organization in their infancy but remain tethered by a contract to merge the subsidiary after a period of time. The idea to innovate and grow is an effective one but in this case, does not consider the large differences in corporate team management style, team building characteristics or esprit d' corps. This case report will discuss background, pertinent issues, recommendations and conclusions. Falcons and Buzzards Understanding how to build and lead teams successfully is an ever-changing and full time job. Matching people to different types of employment is very challenging when the reasons for employment are varied. Many organizations use a Myers-Briggs personality analysis or similar tool as a consideration in hiring and making job assignments that consider the strengths of an individual. Finding a job for more money, or location, or to live a certain lifestyle are three possible reasons why a person might pick a specific job. The missing reason should be the most obvious: Job! Many times people sign on to an organization specifically because of the job. Of course other factors might be considered but if the primary reason for employment is job-related, some personal factors need consideration by the employer and the employee. The premise of this case is that Jim Billings has a mandate by the Board of Directors through his selection as CEO to grow and develop Stone Finch Incorporated (SFI). He, after one night of number-crunching, developed this idea of innovative subsidiaries. The concept is sound in theory but in application, requires a deft managerial touch to ensure the right people are in the right places. Objective Relevant Facts Falcons is the term used in the case to describe those entrepreneurial-spirited employees that would be branching out to develop innovative ideas and structures and bring them to the market. One of the falcons, Beth Suarez was made Vice President of the Solutions division, the division where the merged subsidiaries were to be reassigned (Hamermesh 2010). Stone Water Products, the original company, was renamed Water Products (WP) Division under the new parent company, Stone Finch Inc. Water Products was headed by Eli Saunders, a long-time employee who had been with Stone Water for 25 years. A buzzard. Eli provides a great deal of tacit knowledge (Keitner 2010) and now try to convey his concerns to Billings. Water Products is the division that originally produced the financial wherewithal that enabled the solutions division to fund the innovative offshoots (Hamermesh 2010). Financial reports indicate the solutions division is growing and surpassing the income generated by the WP division (Hamermesh 2010). From the open communications exercise, there is a disconnect between personnel of the older WP division and the newer entrepreneur-like structure. The indicators are that three top WP salespeople are leaving and a perceived gap between the â€Å"have's† and the â€Å"have-not's† thus creating an in-group-out-group mentality (Krietner 2010). Subjective Relative Comments The plan to innovate and grow is put in place by the former President/CEO and Founder, Mr. Stone. The idea to hire Billings was specifically to take the risks that he (Stone) was incapable of engineering. The financials indicate growth and improvement with the present system and while that is encouraging, the unintended consequence might actually be the demise of the WP division. WP's ability to produce should not be overlooked and especially now, that expressions of a growing divide appears to exist. Billings is doing the right thing by thinking strategically and seeking to understand what is happening in the corporate culture. In Kenneth Shaw's Intentional Leader, Shaw discusses how a leaders ability to connect with diverse groups is critical in the group-lead process and how effective communications methods are key elements in corporate success (Shaw 2005). Billings reinforces those concepts through his thought process. These are diverse groups. WP personnel are successfully entrenched in their way of doing things. Their mode involved building and maintaining those relationships critical to their divisions success. At one time, they were the only division and their culture was the company's culture. The integration of the newer divisions and their corporate persona were not considered which contributes to the alleged divide that appears to exist. Losing eight personnel in the solutions division should be a planned for and intended consequence of having that many â€Å"birds of prey†. My analogy for what I read in the Stone Finch case is that once the kill is made, the carcass is not nearly as interesting and a new chase must be mounted. These people learned how to design, develop and plan a new business from conception to implementation. It should be obvious that many will look to develop their own niche after already successfully having done it. Beth Suarez was making things happen as the entrepreneur and not as a corporate administrator. There are many other subjective snippets in the case that by themselves are insignificant but as part of a big puzzle, indicate to me that the corporation changed from a team-oriented and focused business to a multi-faceted organization without the appropriate organizational preparation. The time for damage control is now. Recommendations These recommendations are a mix of what I would do along with Jim Billings' way forward. This is a pretty sizeable problem. Trying to combine water and oil does not work no matter how much stirring is done. The ingredients simply reconstitute when the stirring stops. In this case, there needs to be an additional ingredient where the two opposites can bond. It might be a new corporate mission and vision statements along with guiding principles that are jointly developed by the differing corporate philosophies. In the case, there are differing philosophies; one is a traditional corporate design and the other is a progressive, free-wheeling bastion of innovation. Everyone needs to understand the risks that the others are taking and how the end result is a benefit to all concerned and not just a select few. I'm curious to know if there are any falcons in WP's structure that are just dying to help WP make the leap into innovation? Jim Billings has done a good job at this point in realizing there are issues of concern. Mainly, these issues are connected to people and not to numbers. In fact, the numbers presented in the appendices of the case are reasonable and indicate current and projected growth as it pertains to development of the strategic subsidies idea. Billings' task list should include: ? Communicate immediately to the entire corporation the success of the open jam and the number of submissions and thank them for the number of great comments and suggestions. Also communicate a timeline for future communications about issues and suggested improvements and stick to it! ? Conduct follow on interviews and additional data analysis before developing new action plans. Pay specific attention to WP and Strategic Solutions. Also make personal contact with cancelled WP accounts and try to win back their business or at least gain data points on why the business is lost. ? Communicate globally. ? Place special emphasis on the perception of corporate division and determine the if one perception takes precedence over another as an end state or if the corporate culture can be successfully mended and combined. Then determine how to communicate that as policy going forward. ? Interview Suarez and see if she is happy as an administrator. It is apparent from past performance that she is highly competent and successful. If she desires to excel in her current position, she will if given the proper tools. If she is unhappy not soaring like a falcon, set her onto a new project or set her free to soar again elsewhere. At least after the discussion, it might be a relief for all concerned. ? Look into the IT capabilities of WP. If lacking, bring them up to speed with current technologies and knowledge sharing software (Krietner 2010). If they are unwilling because â€Å"this is the way we've always done it†, make them willing through providing a compelling rationale. If the WP culture is unable to adapt and retraining is unsuccessful; that is an indication that WP has outlived its usefulness and as unromantic as it may seem, Billings might have to consider selling off the asset. Personally, I don't think that is the case here. I think WP feels used and abused and could probably use an infusion of capital resources to show they are still important to the organization. Perhaps an IT upgrade and training will show them a more efficient way to work and improve the morale of the group. Or looking for any WP personnel to work in the up and coming subsidiaries if they are so inclined. This could help ease the differences or at least help with understanding. Billings is on the right track because he recognizes there is an issue. Albeit a strongly worded email from SVP Eli Saunders seems to have helped strike a nerve with Billings; the fact is, that it did make an impact. Conclusions The describe Billings to have crunched the numbers in one night and developed his strategic solutions concept. It might be that I misunderstand the context of the case but coming up with a plan like this in a short period of time does not consider the unintended consequences of corporate division as it appears in this case. I conclude that with appropriate planning and communication, many of these problems could be have been avoided. In the recommendations section of this paper, bringing together the affected parties to jointly develop mission and vision would have helped both sides (WP and Solutions) understand the perspectives of their corporate brothers and sisters. As Billings himself is a falcon, he may not have seen that type of collaboration as necessary but at least he has the foresight now to correct the current situation.

The Role of Men in Society Has Transformed Immensely

The role of men in society has transformed immensely. According to Dr. Phil, if men want to be successful in their marriage and family life, they have to change and broaden their definition of what it means to be successful as a man. Being a good provider, protector, leader and teacher is a privilege that comes with responsibilities that many men aren't aware of. A Provider Most men believe that being a good provider means supporting a family financially. It means much more than that. A man should also contribute to the emotional, spiritual, physical and mental well-being of his family. In order to do this, he must recognize that there are other currencies, in addition to money, that need to be provided. A Protector This means more than beating up the guy next door if he insults your wife. It means protecting her self-esteem and self-worth as well as your children's. It can also mean protecting your way of life and guarding against any threats to the things that you and your family value. A Leader Instead of waiting for your wife to take the initiative when you are having problems, take the lead. Get in the game and create what you want in your family instead of whining about your family situation. Marriage is not a 50/50 partnership. It's a 100/100 partnership. That means you give 100 percent. And remember, you get what you give. A Teacher What are you teaching those around you — especially your children — with your behavior? It's important to provide a good example for your children, loved ones and community with both words and deeds. Set high standards and teach by doing. The traditional roles of men and women were established to ensure the power of the head of household. Historically speaking, that head of household was always male. But the rapidly developing world has brought about many changes into the traditional roles of both men and women. We have been socialized to expect men to be brave, industrious and domineering, whereas women have been expected to be submissive, timid and nurturing. Nowadays, however, women do not have to rely on their husbands anymore to provide a financial support for the home and in many cases they become breadwinners and head of the home themselves. Thus, these changes have resulted in male losing his image and ego as the dominant gender in society. First of all, it is not possible to talk about the changing role of men without mentioning the transformation that the female role has come through. The contemporary social situation was caused in large degree by women anticipation and making them more â€Å"equal† to men. Females are not forced to stay at home nursing children and making diners, they are free to go to work and pursue a successful career. And even if a woman chances to bear a child, now she is encouraged to return to work as early as possible and in fact reproved if she does not. Therefore, in many cases men are expected to take over the duties of a housewife. Before long, it is men who do the everyday laundry, it is men who prepare children for school and pick them up afterwards, it is men who cook dinners and sew a button onto a worn out shirt. Especially if the woman’s career happens to be more successful and profitable. Hence, the purpose of men as the ‘alpha male', provider and protector within the family unit and the community as a whole, has become obscured and belittled. The vision between roles of men and women became blurred, leaving modern men in state of bewilderment. It is also key to look at the way in which the role of man as strong and masculine has become cliche. On the one hand, the stereotype of a strong, hunky, masculine man straight from the Marlboro advertisements falls into decline. Brutal, strong and ruthless men were long ago vigorously condemned. However, the new type of a man – gentle, sensitive, caring, grooming himself, not being afraid of giving vent to his feelings, a man who, when in need, will put on his shoulders the burden of taking care of house and children – still evokes mixed feelings due to making the impression of being too feminine. There are however opinions that men simply live up to the women’s expectations. The survey carried out last year asked men what it means to be a man in the 21st century, and â€Å"more than half think that society tries to feminize them, turning them into waxed and coiffed metrosexuals, and 52 per cent say that men have to live according to women's rules. † In the 90s the perception of a man was changing more than ever. The androgynous look was desired, and models who displayed womanly characteristics had more jobs than those looking like Brad Pitt. On account of that more and more males were following the trend of metrosexualism. Recently, it has been taken into extremes, where wearing a pink jumper is not perceived gay anymore, but rather as a manifestation of masculinity. Only men who do not show an exaggerated concern for their manliness and feel self-confident are not afraid to see themselves in pink. But it is not only the fashion trend that pushes men to pay more attention to their appearance, getting their nails polished by professional beauticians, or to step into shoes of â€Å"the lady of the house. It is in fact the lack of proper male models to copy. Let’s face it. Schools, places on which the life of every adolescent focuses, are overcrowded with female teachers. Thus, unlike their female peers, and during their formative developmental period, the young males have little opportunity to experience positive male role models. In consequence, when seeking some ideal to conform to boys tend to choose the person that guides them throughout most of their lives, and who unsurprisingly often happens to be the mother. Accordingly, men are desperately needed in all aspects of society to provide the male perspective. The blurred vision between the roles of men and women as well as more tolerant and modern society allowed women to take up jobs which were in the past years reserved only for men, and reversely. Men also go for jobs earmarked for women, such as dancers, hairdressers, even beauticians, and very often happen to be very successful. This does not mean that they are gay or effeminate. This is just another aspect of the evolution of society and meeting the needs of professional tolerance. All in all, the male role has not changed drastically in contemporary society. Looking from the angle of functionality, it is men in who we rest our hopes for holding power and solving everyday life issues. For this reason the majority of population still considers men the only breadwinners even though the reality evolved to the extent that is not necessarily true. Men's behavior has changed, their lifestyles as well, and their roles might also have gone some major transformations. But none of that matters, after all, sensitive, vulnerable women will always need beside them a shoulder to cry on.

Evaluation of ‘Les Noces’

As part of our dance work we were showed a DVD of ‘Les Noces'. We learnt that it was devised at the beginning of the twentieth century, around the year 1923, by a Russian choreographer named Bronislava Nijinoka. Les noces is famous for being one of the first contemporary ballets performed on the stage. It is known as a neo- classical ballet and is based on narrative allusions. It has a strong rhythmical emphasis and includes the use of point work. Les noces is a very strong, emotional dance and creates a large impact. It is very compulsive and after watching the first scene you cannot help but to watch on. It has a large narrative content which gives it a desirable back bone. Les noces consists of four scenes which portray a Russian wedding. The scenes are: the consecration of the bride, the consecration of the bride groom, The departure of the bride and The wedding feast. The choreographic techniques in Les noces are well thought out for the feeling and mood of the dance. The choreographer has used male and female dancers in a neo-classical dance that tells a story effectively. The choreographer has used symmetrical and linear shapes and lines as well as levels, this makes the dance more aesthetically pleasing and adds indefinitely to the depth and feeling contained within it. From the position and height of dancers contained within the dance we can get a feeling of what is happening and who is more important etc. We can also learn a lot from how the dancers travel. Les noces includes a very artistic style of jumps and travelling movements. In all the scenes contained within the dance there are different numbers of male and female dancers. To help create mood in the dance the choreographer has used a very percussive form of point work. He had used the method of dancing in point shoes into something that creates a meaningful sound. To help base the dance into a society and culture the choreographer has included a large amount of Russian folk dancing. The use of ballet in Les Noces is more isolated and stiffer than conventional ballet of the early twentieth century. It is more earthy and grounded and less floaty. The design in Les noces is relatively simple. The designer Natalia Gontcharova has used basic costumes and there is only one set. In the first scene the dancers just enter onto a plain stage. There is no backdrop etc, the dancers wear simple costumes, such as brown dresses and white shirts with all the women wearing head coverings. This is probably because we are meant to view these dancers as being peasants. The head coverings are also a religious symbol. The dancers aren't wearing masks or any obvious make up. The only main prop used in the dance is a wig consisting of long plaits used in the scene ‘ Departure of the bride'. This is used to demonstrate the passage from childhood to womanhood as the plaits are consequentially cut off. The one and only set is used in the last scene ‘The wedding feast', It basically consists of a wall with a door in it and a few stools. This set is used as it gives a way of showing the togetherness and connection of the bride and bridegroo m as they leave through the door together. This also presents a way of ending the dance. There is no spoken words or phrases in Les noces. All the sound included in it is formed by the orchestra or the afore mentioned use of percussive point work. The musicians are based off stage. The orchestra provides live music and so therefore it isn't recorded. The volume of the music in Les Noces often indicates mood or feeling. For example, in the last scene ‘The wedding feast', the sound becomes significantly louder and seems more joyous. Les Noces is performed on a proscenium arch stage. This is probably because the choreography in the dance wouldn't lend itself to being performed in the round or anywhere site specific. In this dance there is good communication with the audience. The names of the scenes and there contents all tell a story. This is helped by the mood created by the music and the facial expressions of the dancers. Because Les Noces is based on a realistic event many people may feel that they can relate to it. It may also create some interest and intrigue as it portrays a Russian marriage. In the early part of the twentieth century there wasn't the same cultural understanding between nations that there is know. Many people would know nothing of Russian culture. I definitely felt on a personal level that I could understand what the dance was trying to communicate to me. The feelings of change, love and moving into the unknown. The dance was definitely very compelling.I thought that the way that some of the characters swore oaths was very mysterious. I also liked the way that Les Noces included everyday things and movements such as cuddling. I think that Les noces is a very interesting dance and I can see how it could have been a very radical piece of choreography for it's day. It is a good example in how dance has changed throughout the ages. I am sure that Les noces is an important piece of dance history. I thoroughly enjoyed watching it being performed.

Catcher In The Rye Essay Example for Free (#4)

Catcher In The Rye Essay A journey is more than a physical movement from one place to another. All journeys no matter how arduous entail setbacks and barriers that must be met. In doing so the traveller experiences a more significant inner journey of self growth. This is evident in the journey from adolescence to adulthood during which setbacks and barriers may entail a loss of innocence. J. D Salinger’s novel the Catcher in the rye explores this concept through various literary techniques. ( thesis) Loss of innocence as a major issue within the concept of a rites of passage is explored by J. D Salinger through the protagonist Holden Caulfield. His journey appears to be one self destructive act after another. This adult world into which Holden is forced into disturbs him profoundly. In his view, the adults who dwell this world, seem to be filled with phoniness, pretence and social compromise. He finds it almost intolerable to communicate with most adults and peers. This is prevalent throughout the book when he constantly brings up the question of what happens to the ducks in winter. The adults’ response to this recurring question is of contemn and expectation to know the answer, therefore never giving him an adequate explanation. This clearly demonstrates how his innocent mind conflicts with this phony adult world, and his response, is to rebel against this whole society. â€Å" quote† Holden expresses his rebellion through his inability to progress in life and his hatred of people. It is really only in children that he sees the true simplicity of honesty- and that is his escape from this adult phony world. Salinger portrays the transition from adolescence to adulthood as a quest for self identity and self discovery. For Holden however, his journey is a bombardment of obstacles in his search for connection with others, thus highlighting the angst of growing up. Holden finally breaks down with the constant disappointments and let downs he encounters. â€Å"quote ans technique† From his fight with Stradlater to Maurice’s exploitation of a prostitute, to Mr Antolini’s behaviour, Holden just cannot handle any more letdowns so his odyssey is one of loneliness and cynicism. An example of this is when Holden abruptly gives Sally an ultimatum to leave their current lives behind and build a future without the promise of stability. Sally’s refusal to this proposal results in Holden lashing out at her hence elucidating Holden’s naivety. And, just like a kid, he thinks that everyone is to blame except for him. The inability to meet setbacks and barriers and accept a loss of innocence within the jouney from adolescence to adulthood will inevitably lead to ones downfall. The deliberate irony is that Holden strives to act as a grown up but constantly acts like a child is seen in his provocation of his peers and his irrational thinking. â€Å"quote † The title of the book, â€Å"Catcher in the Rye,† is more than just a pretty ditty. It is Holden’s dream to be the catcher in the rye, thus save little children from falling off the cliff into adulthood. â€Å"Anyway, I keep picturing all these little kids playing some game in this big field of rye and all. Thousands of little kids, and nobody’s around–nobody big, I mean–except me. And I’m standing on the edge of some crazy cliff. What I have to do, I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliff–I mean if they’re running and they don’t look where they’re going. I have to come out from somewhere and catch them. That’s all I’d do all day. I’d just be the catcher in the rye and all. I know it’s crazy, but that’s the only thing I’d really like to be. † Holden is adamant on playing the adult role of protecting children and their innocence that gets lost in the adult phony world. He envisions protecting and shielding children from the evils of society, when he himself is one who is in a state of conflict between adolescence and adulthood. However, it is through the telling of his story that Holden eventually gains control of his disturbed past. His search for self identity and discovery can be seen as a search for tolerance, acceptance and understanding- something that he finally experiences in the final scene with Phoebe riding the carrousel. When he see’s Phoebe on the carrousel, he accepts that he is not a child anymore indicating that he is perhaps more accepting of change. Towards the end, Holden has found some wisdom when he claims to â€Å"sort of miss everyone. † There was some light for him at the end of the tunnel- and that light is hope and acceptance that he doesn’t live in such an evil world that he made out to be. Holden wants desperately to protect this idealistic life but perhaps he realises at the end that it is not possible and that maturity is a means of accepting what life throws at one. How he deals with obstacles along the way conveys Holden’s journey from adolescence into adulthood. Catcher In The Rye. (2016, Dec 15). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you